8, 9, 10 For example, B.1.351 (ОІ variant), a variant of concern (VOC), has shown reduced sensitivity to neutralization not only by convalescent plasma of COVID-19 patients but also by plasma from vaccinated individuals. However, reports on SARS-CoV-2 variants have recently accumulated, and the appearance of NAb-resistant S variant viruses is of great concern.

Antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain of the spike (S) antigen play a central role in virus neutralization. 2, 3, 4, 5 Intramuscular administration of these vaccines elicits effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), showing protective efficacy against COVID-19 onset and progression. Several effective vaccines using mRNAs or viral vectors have been rapidly developed and are currently in clinical use. 1 Development of an effective vaccine is key for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 transmission that can occur from asymptomatic infected individuals is difficult to control. Our results indicate that CD8 + TВ cell induction by intranasal vaccination can result in NAb-independent control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting a potential of vaccine-induced CD8 + TВ cell responses to contribute to COVID-19 containment.Д¬oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread, resulting in a pandemic. The viral control in the absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs is significantly correlated with vaccine-induced, viral-antigen-specific CD8 + TВ cell responses. Seven vaccinated macaques exhibit significantly reduced viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs on day 2 post-challenge compared with nine unvaccinated controls.

Here, we investigate the efficacy of an intranasal vaccine expressing viral non-S antigens against intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in cynomolgus macaques. A vaccine inducing S-independent or NAb-independent SARS-CoV-2 control may contribute to containment of these variants. Currently developed vaccines inducing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S)-antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are effective, but the appearance of NAb-resistant S variant viruses is of great concern. Effective vaccines are essential for the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

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